Note: Required readings are provided in Adobe's PDF format. You can get the free Acrobat Reader at Adobe's website.
Berger J, Stacey PB, Bellis L, Johnson MP. 2001. A mammalian predator-prey imbalance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants. Ecological Applications 11: 967-980.
Carpenter S. R., Cole, J.J., Kitchell, J.F., and M.L. Pace. In press. Trophic Cascades in Lakes: Lessons and Prospects Chapter 4 in: John Terborgh and James A. Estes (eds.) Trophic Cascades. Island Press, Washington D.C.
Cresswell, W. 2008. Nonlethal effects of Predation in Birds. Ibis. 150:3-17.
Crête M. 1999. The distribution of deer biomass in North America supports the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. Ecology Letters 2:223-227.
Dalton, D. 2008. Mega-expectations. Chapter 1 in The Natural World of Lewis and Clark. The University of Missouri Press. pp 1-26.
Hebblewhite M., White C.A., Nietvelt C.G., McKenzie J.A., Hurd T.E., Fryxell J.M., Bayley S.E., and Paquet P.C., 2005. Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves. Ecology 86: 2135-2144.
Janzen D. H. 1983. The Pleistocene Hunters had Help. American Naturalist. 121:598-599.
Kay, C.E., 1998. Are ecosystems structured from the top-down or bottom-up: a new look at an old debate. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26, 484-498.
Laliberte, A.S., Ripple, W.J., 2004. Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates. Bioscience 54, 123-138.
Lima SL. 1998. Nonlethal effects in the ecology and predator-prey interactions. Bioscience 48: 25-34.
Myers RA, Baum JK, Shepherd TD, Powers SP, and Peterson CH. 2007. Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science 315: 1846-1850.
Peterson, R.O., J.A. Vucetich, R.E. Page, and A. Chouinard. 2003. Temporal and spatial dynamics of predator-prey dynamics. Alces 39:215-232.
Polis, G.A., Sears, L.W., Huxel, D.R., Strong, J.M., 2000. When is a trophic cascades a trophic cascade. Trends in ecology and evolution 15, 473-475.
Ripple, W.J., Rooney, T., and R. L. Beschta. In press. Large Predators, Deer, and Trophic Cascades in Boreal and Temperate Ecosystems. in: John Terborgh and James A. Estes (eds.) Trophic Cascades. Island Press, Washington D.C.
Roemer GW, Gompper ME, and Valkenburgh BV. 2009. The ecological role of the mammalian mesocarnivore. Bioscience 59: 165-173.
Schmitz, Oswald J. 2006.Predators Have Large Effects on Ecosystem Properties by Changing Plant Diversity, Not Plant Biomass. Ecology 87(6): 1432-1437.
Springer, A. M., J. A. Estes, G. B. van Viet, T. M. Williams, D. F. Doak, E. M. Danner, K. A. Forney, and B. Pfister. 2003. Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial Whaling? PNAS: 100: 12223-12228.
Terborgh J and Estes JA, in press. Preface in: John Terborgh and James A. Estes (eds.) Trophic Cascades. Island Press, Washington D.C.
Van Valkenburg, B and Hertel, F. 1993. Tough Times at La Brea: Tooth Breakage in Large Carnivores of the Late Pleistocene. Science 261:456-459.
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