Forest managers face many challenges in determining the proper regeneration prescriptions on any particular piece of land. Vegetation differs dramatically between sites which influences the competition faced by planted stock. For managers to make informed decisions on whether to aggressively control a particular species or to evaluate whether a species is going to become a problem they must understand some of the basic ecology of the plant competitor. Additionally, foresters must know how different silvicultural operations will influence competitive species.

The purpose of this literature review is to provide specific information on the autecology of individual species. The format will follow closely to a similar review published in 1990 by the Canada-British Columbia Forest Resource Development Agreement (FRDA Report 158). Originally we planned on not duplicating any of the species in the FRDA report. However, there has been a lot of interest in several of the species reviewed in the FRDA document and to make our document a better working document we have decided to add the most prevalent species found in the FRDA publication to the final VMRC document. Independent literature searches will not be performed for these species. We will simply paraphrase what is reported in the FRDA report. Table 11 lists the species addressed in the VMRC Review.

For each species the following information will be summarized: description, distribution, habit, growth and development, reproduction, effects on crop trees, response to disturbance or management.

This information will be published in three volumes. Additionally, a compact disk will be produced which will contain all the information included in the three volumes including color photographs of each species.

Progress thus far
Drafts of Volume One and Two are complete.

Table 11. Species List of Problematic Forest Competitors

Number	Common Name	Latin Name
Volume 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10	White leaf Manzanita Green leaf Manzanita Snowbrush Deerbrush Bull thistle Canadian thistle Scotch broom Trailing blackberry Himalaya blackberry Evergreen blackberry	Arctostaphylos viscida Arctostaphylos patula Ceanothus velutinus Ceanothus integerrimus Cirsium vulgare Cirsium arvense Cytisus scoparius Rubus ursinus Rubus procerus Rubus laciniatus
Volume 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10	Pacific Madrone Oregon grape Chinquapin Foxglove St Johns’ wort Bitter cherry Choke cherry Wood groundsel Tansy ragwort Tanoak	Arbutus menziesii Berberis nervosa Castinopsis chrysophylla Digitalis purpurea Hypernicum perforatum Prunus emarginata Prunus virginiana Senecio sylvaticus Senecio jacobaea Lithocarpus densiflorus
Volume 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15	Poison oak Ocean spray False dandelion Oxeye daisy Blue blossom Cascara Wild carrot Willow herb Bedstraw Tar weed Montia Australian fireweed Sow thistle Velvet grass Bristly dog tail	Rhus diversiloba Holodiscus discolor Hypocaeris radicata Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Rhamnus purshiana Dacus carrota Epilobium spp. Galium spp. Madia spp. Montia sibirica Erichites munima Sonchus spp. Holcus lanatus Cynosurus echinatus
From the FRDA Report
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14	Bigleaf maple Vine maple Red alder Hazel Fireweed Salal Sword fern Bracken fern Black cottonwood Thimbleberry Salmonberry Willow Elderberry Snowberry	Acer macrophyllum Acer circinatum Alnus rubra Corylus cornuta Epilobium angustifolium Gaultheria shallon Polystichum munitum Pteridium aquilnum Populus tremuloides Rubus parviflorus Rubus spectabilis Salix spp. Sambucus spp. Symphoricarpos albus

• Herb I
• Herb II
• 2 in 2
• Germination Study
• Phytotoxicity Study