Go to OSU College of Forestry LWGate Home Page.From: Andrew K Fletcher <thinklateral@hotmail.com>
Subject: RE: [IAWA Forum] Density Flow A Circulation Theory for Fluid
Date: Mon, 8 Jun 2009 09:04:51 +0000
Previous Article (by Date): [IAWA Forum] Density Flow A Circulation Theory for Fluid Transport In Trees Andrew K Fletcher
Articles sorted by: [Date]
[Author]
[Subject]
--_c53eb672-3406-4405-a13e-490d7999fee8_
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
It is interesting that we have not been seen many replies to my recent post=
s on the list. For those of you who doubt the validity of this simple flow =
and return density circulation or indeed the video evidence on youtube=2C y=
ou could always repeat the experiments and observe it for yourselves.
=20
=20
=20
Professor Ernst and a group of doctors observed the experiments at Exeter U=
niversity=2C this is what they had to say.=20
http://s209.photobucket.com/albums/bb31/Andrew_K_Fletcher/Scanned%20Files/=
?action=3Dview¤t=3DErnstLetter059.jpg
=20
The Brixham Experiment was observed by reporters and Forestry Officials:
http://s209.photobucket.com/albums/bb31/Andrew_K_Fletcher/Web%20Page%20Pict=
ures/?action=3Dview¤t=3DEUREKA.gif
=20
The experiments have been shown at schools=2C Experiments reported in newsp=
apers and no one who has observed them has doubted their validity or indeed=
their application to how trees raise water using density changes resulting=
from evaporation in the canopy.
=20
Yet here we are al these years later ignoring a scientific truth hoping it =
will some how crawl up a corner and die.=20
=20
The trouble with truth is it never dies=2C it always re-surfaces and always=
prevails in the end.
=20
Part1=20
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DPVwSIeWMSkc Understanding the experiments
=20
Part2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DFjWe6kLHcLU A scaled down version of the B=
rixham Experiment with a syringe body added for introducing the solutes and=
showing the tension.
=20
Part3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Dsz9eddGw8vg The video from the Brixham Exp=
eriment unedited.
=20
=20
Appreciate constructive questions. Willing to work with a University or col=
lege to investigate this further=2C fine tune more experiments and publish =
a paper. Do not mind sharing authorship either.=20
=20
=20
=20
Previous posts in archive: http://www.cof.orst.edu/cgi-bin/lwgate/IAWA/arch=
ives/iawa.0604/subject/Andrew K Fletcher
From: thinklateral@hotmail.com
To: iawa@COF.ORST.EDU
Subject: [IAWA Forum] Density Flow A Circulation Theory for Fluid Transport=
In Trees
Date: Sat=2C 6 Jun 2009 09:52:05 +0000
Thank you for your replies. Glad you found it thought provoking.
=20
Re Publication: Plant and Trees Density Flow Theory
=20
Unfortunately The Peer review system at present relies on people reviewing =
relating to old thoughts and views. So when they examine a new paradigm tha=
t flies in the face of the very subject they adhere to=2C it is difficult t=
o move forward.
=20
This was discovered in 1994 while postulating where salts had gone from irr=
igated arid soils. A crust should have formed on the ground due to high eva=
poration rates=2C and indeed does in most cases=2C except where trees were =
present. Clearly due to the impressive age of some of these trees=2C they h=
ad somehow overcome the over salinity and were somehow using these salts in=
their growth cycle.=20
=20
As a lateral thinker with an engineering background and being a mechanical =
engineer=2C problem solving is something one has to be fairly efficient in.
=20
So the question as to what these trees were doing with the salts led me to =
a car boot sale to find a biology book that cost 10 or 20 pence. That book =
was GCSE Biology by Don G Mackean=2C a book I remembered from many years ag=
o and never understood entirely. Don wrote in this book in no uncertain ter=
ms that the current literature on fluid transport in plants=2C trees=2C hum=
ans and animals was not fully understood. In fact he wrote so many holes in=
the literature that I could not find the answer to my question about salts=
and indeed sugars in the sap of plants and trees.
=20
Letter from Don: http://i209.photobucket.com/albums/bb31/Andrew_K_Fletcher/=
Scanned%20Files/DonMackean075.jpg
=20
=20
I remember saying to my wife while trying to get my =93now engineering head=
=94 around this different type of mechanical engine=2C that somehow uses sa=
lts and sugars as a fuel to drive it=92s very simple multi juxtaposed condu=
ited system that effortlessly lifts water and solutes to impressive heights=
without an obvious pump. What I said to Jude that night was: =93What a com=
plete and utter load of xxxxxxxs=94. Adding: =93This makes about as much se=
nse to me as war and famine=94=2C which was the reason for looking at salin=
ity in the first place=2C as I was at the time busy trying to solve a bigge=
r issue with irrigating deserts using human waste and waste water in return=
ing Crude Oil Carriers that currently transport sea water as ballast half w=
ay round the world for no financial gain? (Another avenue for another day.)
=20
So completely ignoring everything that according to Don had =93insufficient=
evidence=94=2C =93conflicted with evidence=94 was =93unsupported by the ev=
idence=94 =93not clearly understood=94 or did not fit with logic=2C all tha=
t I was left with was a blank canvas that had a picture of a tree as a star=
ting point.
=20
Well=2C the tree in the picture consists of tubular cells=2C much the same =
as bamboo. It had leaves on the top of it and evaporates a lot of water=2C =
actually=2C most of the water drawn through the roots is evaporated from th=
e leaves=2C although some must be lost though the trunk and branches=2C the=
leaves did look more like washing hung out to dry rather than elaborate so=
lar collectors=2C and I remember reading in that 20 pence book that the wat=
er loss from the leaves serves little purpose and thinking at the time=2C t=
hen why do trees lose so much water if it serves little purpose other than =
heat regulation?
=20
It took exactly 20 minutes to solve this engine problem=2C having an unders=
tanding of plumbing and density flow and return systems in domestic hot wat=
er (Non-pumped circulation) helped. Here we have a heat source at ground le=
vel (boiler) that alters the density of the water by heating it up. The hot=
water rapidly rises to a copper coil inside a hot water tank and transfers=
the heat to the water inside the tank. This cools down the water making it=
denser and provides the return flow back to the boiler. Very simple yet ve=
ry effective.
=20
The tree on the other hand relies on the sun as a source of energy=2C so in=
itially I reasoned that the warming of the trunk in a deciduous tree would =
initiate circulation but could not address the volumes of water lifted by t=
rees to great heights=2C the cooling of the sap at the leaf alone would not=
address it either but it was a good starting point for an argument in my h=
ead at least. And it did show how circulation can take place in a tree with=
out leaves as buds emerge in the spring.
=20
So why were these trees allowing so much of their water to be evaporated?
=20
This bit took a little longer=2C about 10 minutes from memory. Evaporation =
at the leaf must be altering the density of the sap. Well=2C it made more s=
ense than the text book at least. And appeared to fit with the solutes in t=
he predominantly downward flowing phloem sap and appeared also to fit with =
the more dilute xylem sap that was flowing up to the leaves from the roots.=
What we have here is a circulation rather than a one way water lift to the=
leaves to be lost to the atmosphere and providing circulation continues th=
e leaves will recover the evaporated water continuously from the sap inside=
them and will continue to release denser sap back into the circulation whe=
re gravity will provide the stimulus for a downward flow and in doing so wi=
ll cause all of the water molecules in the tree to circulate lifting up the=
less dense fluids and dragging the denser fluids to a sink. That sink can =
be the trunk=2C branches=2C roots=2C or indeed fruit and leaves so it is a =
given that sap can move through several leaves before its density is change=
d sufficiently to induce a return flow back towards the roots.=20
=20
Initially=2C I decided to obtain a length of soft tubing=2C the type used i=
n aerating fish tanks. Filled it up with water in a U shape and introduced =
some coloured salt solution to see if it would cause water to flow out of t=
he less dense side and explain the increased head of water needed to provid=
e a tree with the momentum and stimulus to grow vertically=2C after all a m=
echanical crane can only lift as high as it=92s boom will go but a tree can=
elevate it=92s own boom continuously so requires a mechanism to lift the f=
luids higher and higher as it grows and this appeared to fit perfectly as w=
ell as explaining sap exuding from a cut stem. In this case the cut stem wo=
uld remove the tension that maintains the circulation and cause the denser =
sap to flow back to the roots and in doing so would give us that illusion o=
f an unequal reaction.=20
=20
Having now understood how scientists confused this action and reaction with=
the roots somehow applying pressure and squeezing water out of the cut ste=
m (root pressure theory)=2C which could to some extent rely on the soil pre=
ssure rather than the root pressure but more likely relies on the density d=
ifferences in the tubes rather than some elaborate squeezing mechanism that=
must rely on a living process and due to Strasburger=92s experiments killi=
ng a tree and observing circulation for 2 weeks following the death of all =
living parts rendered the living processes as inadequate explanations. http=
://4e.plantphys.net/article.php?ch=3De&id=3D98
=20
Anyway=2C sorry for getting side tracked. The eureka moment came while look=
ing at a drawing of a U tube with salt in one side. How can I use this obvi=
ous power source to show how water is circulated in trees. I turned the dra=
wing around and imagined it placed against a tree with the open ends in the=
water and the tube filled with water=2C admittedly not an exact replica of=
a trees structure but close enough for a demonstration=2C but then there w=
as that nagging 10 meter limit that prevents water from remaining in the tu=
be. Being a lateral thinker and thinking if these people can be wrong about=
so much already why should they be right about how water will behave in an=
open inverted U tube filled with water and with both ends submerged in wat=
er to mimic the tree and it=92s roots in soil water.=20
The rest you know about having seen the video=92s.
=20
The most difficult part for me was not solving the problem=2C that took onl=
y 20 minutes. It has been finding a way to have this published.
=20
So many empty promises from journals=2C and academics who state they are c=
onvinced this I correct and then melt away and pretend that business as usu=
al will some how justify ignoring a basic scientific truth.
=20
Well truth always prevails in the long term=2C I may well be dead and burie=
d along with my theory before Peer Reviewed Journalists bow to pressure=2C =
but fortunately we now have a very powerful tool for reaching people like y=
ourself who genuinely have an interest and a need to understand new paradig=
ms as they emerge and for that I am very grateful
=20
Discussion: http://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=3D1982.=
0
=20
Please feel free to ask question and please visit the discussion on NakedSc=
ientists Forum.
=20
Tel: +44 1803524117
=20
Andrew
=20
Beyond Hotmail =97 see what else you can do with Windows Live. Find out mor=
e.=20
_________________________________________________________________
Get the best of MSN on your mobile
http://clk.atdmt.com/UKM/go/147991039/direct/01/=
--_c53eb672-3406-4405-a13e-490d7999fee8_
Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
<html>
<head>
<style>
.hmmessage P
{
margin:0px=3B
padding:0px
}
body.hmmessage
{
font-size: 10pt=3B
font-family:Verdana
}
</style>
</head>
<body class=3D'hmmessage'>
<DIV style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #bfbfbf 0.75pt solid=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B B=
ORDER-TOP: #bfbfbf 0.75pt solid=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B BACKGROUND: white=
=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: #bfbfbf 0.75pt solid=3B PADDING-TOP=
: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: #bfbfbf 0.75pt solid">
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">It is interestin=
g that we have not been seen many replies to my recent posts on the list. F=
or those of you who =3Bdoubt the validity of this simple flow and retur=
n density circulation or indeed the video evidence =3Bon youtube=2C you=
could always repeat the experiments and observe it for yourselves.</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></SPAN> =3B<=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><A href=3D"http:=
//s209.photobucket.com/albums/bb31/Andrew_K_Fletcher/Scanned%20Files/?actio=
n=3Dview&=3Bcurrent=3DErnstLetter059.jpg"></A> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Professor Ernst =
and a group of doctors observed =3Bthe experiments at Exeter University=
=2C this is what they had to say. =3B<BR> =3B<A href=3D"http://s209=
.photobucket.com/albums/bb31/Andrew_K_Fletcher/Scanned%20Files/?action=3Dvi=
ew&=3Bcurrent=3DErnstLetter059.jpg"><FONT color=3D#0066cc>http://s209.ph=
otobucket.com/albums/bb31/Andrew_K_Fletcher/Scanned%20Files/?action=3Dview&=
amp=3Bcurrent=3DErnstLetter059.jpg</FONT></A></SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">The Brixham Expe=
riment was observed by reporters and Forestry Officials:</SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><A href=3D"http:=
//s209.photobucket.com/albums/bb31/Andrew_K_Fletcher/Web%20Page%20Pictures/=
?action=3Dview&=3Bcurrent=3DEUREKA.gif"><FONT color=3D#0066cc>http://s20=
9.photobucket.com/albums/bb31/Andrew_K_Fletcher/Web%20Page%20Pictures/?acti=
on=3Dview&=3Bcurrent=3DEUREKA.gif</FONT></A></SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">The experiments =
have been shown at schools=2C =3BExperiments reported in newspapers&nbs=
p=3Band no one who has observed them has doubted their validity or indeed t=
heir application to how trees raise water using density changes resulting f=
rom evaporation in the canopy.</SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Yet here we are =
al these years later ignoring a scientific truth hoping it will some how cr=
awl up a corner and die. </SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">The trouble with=
truth is it never dies=2C it always re-surfaces and always prevails in the=
end.</SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Part1 </SPAN></P=
>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><A href=3D"http:=
//www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DPVwSIeWMSkc">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DP=
VwSIeWMSkc</A> =3B Understanding the experiments</SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Part2</SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><A href=3D"http:=
//www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DFjWe6kLHcLU">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DF=
jWe6kLHcLU</A> =3BA scaled down version of the Brixham Experiment with =
a syringe body added for introducing the solutes and showing the tension.</=
SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Part3</SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><U><SPAN style=
=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: purple=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><A href=3D"ht=
tp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Dsz9eddGw8vg">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
=3Dsz9eddGw8vg</A></SPAN></U><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #4444=
44=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3BThe video from the Brixham Experiment u=
nedited.<A href=3D"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Dsz9eddGw8vg&=3Bfeatu=
re=3Dresponse_watch"></A></SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN><=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Appreciate const=
ructive questions. Willing to work with a University or college to investig=
ate this further=2C fine tune more experiments and publish a paper. Do not =
mind sharing authorship either. </SPAN></P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></SPAN> =3B<=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></SPAN> =3B<=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></SPAN> =3B<=
/P>
<P style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: medium none=3B PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm=3B BORDER-TOP: =
medium none=3B PADDING-LEFT: 0cm=3B PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm=3B BORDER-LEFT: med=
ium none=3B PADDING-TOP: 0cm=3B BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN style=3D"=
FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Previous posts i=
n archive: <A href=3D"http://www.cof.orst.edu/cgi-bin/lwgate/IAWA/archives/=
iawa.0604/subject/">http://www.cof.orst.edu/cgi-bin/lwgate/IAWA/archives/ia=
wa.0604/subject/</A></SPAN></P></DIV><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLO=
R: #444444=3B FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Andrew K Fletcher</SPAN><BR>
<HR id=3DstopSpelling>
From: thinklateral@hotmail.com<BR>To: iawa@COF.ORST.EDU<BR>Subject: [IAWA F=
orum] Density Flow A Circulation Theory for Fluid Transport In Trees<BR>Dat=
e: Sat=2C 6 Jun 2009 09:52:05 +0000<BR><BR>
<STYLE>
.ExternalClass .EC_hmmessage P
{padding:0px=3B}
.ExternalClass body.EC_hmmessage
{font-size:10pt=3Bfont-family:Verdana=3B}
</STYLE>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Thank you for your replies. Glad you found it though=
t provoking.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Re Publication:<SPAN> =3B </SPAN>Plant and Trees=
<SPAN> =3B =3B </SPAN>Density Flow Theory</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Unfortunately The Peer review system at present reli=
es on people reviewing relating to old thoughts and views. So =3Bwhen t=
hey examine a new =3Bparadigm that flies in the face of the very subjec=
t they adhere to=2C it is difficult to move forward.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">This was discovered in 1994 while postulating where =
salts had gone from irrigated arid soils. A crust should have formed on the=
ground due to high evaporation rates=2C and indeed does in most cases=2C e=
xcept where trees were present. Clearly due to the impressive age of some o=
f these trees=2C they had somehow overcome the over salinity and were someh=
ow using these salts in their growth cycle. </SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">As a lateral thinker with an engineering background =
and being a mechanical engineer=2C problem solving is something one has to =
be fairly efficient in.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">So the question as to what these trees were doing wi=
th the salts led me to a car boot sale to find a biology book that cost 10 =
or 20 pence. That book was GCSE Biology by Don G Mackean=2C a book I rememb=
ered from many years ago and never understood entirely. Don wrote in this b=
ook in no uncertain terms that the current literature on fluid transport in=
plants=2C trees=2C humans and animals was not fully understood. In fact he=
wrote so many holes in the literature that I could not find the answer to =
my question about salts and indeed sugars in the sap of plants and trees.</=
SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Letter from Don: <A href=3D"http://i209.photobucket.=
com/albums/bb31/Andrew_K_Fletcher/Scanned%20Files/DonMackean075.jpg">http:/=
/i209.photobucket.com/albums/bb31/Andrew_K_Fletcher/Scanned%20Files/DonMack=
ean075.jpg</A></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></SPAN> =3B</P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">I remember saying to my wife while trying to get my =
=93now engineering head=94 around this different type of mechanical engine=
=2C that somehow uses salts and sugars as a fuel to drive it=92s very simpl=
e multi juxtaposed conduited system that effortlessly lifts water and solut=
es to impressive heights without an obvious pump. What I said to Jude that =
night was: =93What a complete and utter load of xxxxxxxs=94. Adding: =93Thi=
s makes about as much sense to me as war and famine=94=2C which was the rea=
son for looking at salinity in the first place=2C as I was at the time busy=
trying to solve a bigger issue with irrigating deserts using human waste a=
nd waste water in returning Crude Oil Carriers that currently transport sea=
water as ballast half way round the world for no financial gain? (Another =
avenue for another day.)</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">So completely ignoring everything that according to =
Don had =93insufficient evidence=94=2C =93conflicted with evidence=94 was =
=93unsupported by the evidence=94 =93not clearly understood=94 or did not f=
it with logic=2C all that I was left with was a blank canvas that had a pic=
ture of a tree as a starting point.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Well=2C the tree in the picture consists of tubular =
cells=2C much the same as bamboo. It had leaves on the top of it and evapor=
ates a lot of water=2C actually=2C most of the water drawn through the root=
s is evaporated from the leaves=2C although some must be lost though the tr=
unk and branches=2C the leaves did look more like washing hung out to dry r=
ather than elaborate solar collectors=2C and I remember reading in that 20 =
pence book that the water loss from the leaves serves little purpose and th=
inking at the time=2C then why do trees lose so much water if it serves lit=
tle purpose other than heat regulation?</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">It took exactly 20 minutes to solve this engine prob=
lem=2C having an understanding of plumbing and density flow and return syst=
ems in domestic hot water (Non-pumped circulation) helped. Here we have a h=
eat source at ground level (boiler) that alters the density of the water by=
heating it up. The hot water rapidly rises to a copper coil inside a hot w=
ater tank and transfers the heat to the water inside the tank. This cools d=
own the water making it denser and provides the return flow back to the boi=
ler. Very simple yet very effective.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">The tree on the other hand relies on the sun as a so=
urce of energy=2C so initially I reasoned that the warming of the trunk in =
a deciduous tree would initiate circulation but could not address the volum=
es of water lifted by trees to great heights=2C the cooling of the sap at t=
he leaf alone would not address it either but it was a good starting point =
for an argument in my head at least. And it did show how circulation can ta=
ke place in a tree without leaves as buds emerge in the spring.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">So why were these trees allowing so much of their wa=
ter to be evaporated?</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">This bit took a little longer=2C about 10 minutes fr=
om memory. Evaporation at the leaf must be altering the density of the sap.=
Well=2C it made more sense than the text book at least. And appeared to fi=
t with the solutes in the predominantly downward flowing phloem sap and app=
eared also to fit with the more dilute xylem sap that was flowing up to the=
leaves from the roots. What we have here is a circulation rather than a on=
e way water lift to the leaves to be lost to the atmosphere and providing c=
irculation continues the leaves will recover the evaporated water continuou=
sly from the sap inside them and will continue to release denser sap back i=
nto the circulation where gravity will provide the stimulus for a downward =
flow and in doing so will cause all of the water molecules in the tree to c=
irculate lifting up the less dense fluids and dragging the denser fluids to=
a sink. That sink can be the trunk=2C branches=2C roots=2C or indeed fruit=
and leaves so it is a given that sap can move through several leaves befor=
e its density is changed sufficiently to induce a return flow back towards =
the roots. </SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Initially=2C I decided to obtain a length of soft tu=
bing=2C the type used in aerating fish tanks. Filled it up with water in a =
U shape and introduced some coloured salt solution to see if it would cause=
water to flow out of the less dense side and explain the increased head of=
water needed to provide a tree with the momentum and stimulus to grow vert=
ically=2C after all a mechanical crane can only lift as high as it=92s boom=
will go but a tree can elevate it=92s own boom continuously so requires a =
mechanism to lift the fluids higher and higher as it grows and this appeare=
d to fit perfectly as well as explaining sap exuding from a cut stem. In th=
is case the cut stem would remove the tension that maintains the circulatio=
n and cause the denser sap to flow back to the roots and in doing so would =
give us that illusion of an unequal reaction. </SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Having now understood how scientists confused this a=
ction and reaction with the roots somehow applying pressure and squeezing w=
ater out of the cut stem (root pressure theory)=2C which could to some exte=
nt rely on the soil pressure rather than the root pressure but more likely =
relies on the density differences in the tubes rather than some elaborate s=
queezing mechanism that must rely on a living process and due to Strasburge=
r=92s experiments killing a tree and observing circulation for 2 weeks foll=
owing the death of all living parts rendered the living processes as inadeq=
uate explanations. <A href=3D"http://4e.plantphys.net/article.php?ch=3De&am=
p=3Bid=3D98">http://4e.plantphys.net/article.php?ch=3De&=3Bid=3D98</A></=
SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Anyway=2C sorry for getting side tracked. The eureka=
moment came while looking at a drawing of a U tube with salt in one side. =
How can I use this obvious power source to show how water is circulated in =
trees. I turned the drawing around and imagined it placed against a tree wi=
th the open ends in the water and the tube filled with water=2C admittedly =
not an exact replica of a trees structure but close enough for a demonstrat=
ion=2C but then there was that nagging 10 meter limit that prevents water f=
rom remaining in the tube. Being a lateral thinker and thinking if these pe=
ople can be wrong about so much already why should they be right about how =
water will behave in an open inverted U tube filled with water and with bot=
h ends submerged in water to mimic the tree and it=92s roots in soil water.=
</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">The rest you know about having seen the video=92s.</=
SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">The most difficult part for me was not solving the p=
roblem=2C that took only 20 minutes. It has been finding a way to have this=
published.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><SPAN> =3B</SPAN>So many empty promises from jou=
rnals=2C and academics who state they are convinced this I correct and then=
melt away and pretend that business as usual will some how justify ignorin=
g a basic scientific truth.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Well truth always prevails in the long term=2C I may=
well be dead and buried along with my theory before Peer Reviewed Journali=
sts bow to pressure=2C but fortunately we now have a very powerful tool for=
reaching people like yourself who genuinely have an interest and a need to=
understand new paradigms as they emerge and for that I am very grateful</S=
PAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Discussion: <A href=3D"http://www.thenakedscientists=
.com/forum/index.php?topic=3D1982.0">http://www.thenakedscientists.com/foru=
m/index.php?topic=3D1982.0</A></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Please feel free to ask question and please visit th=
e discussion on NakedScientists Forum.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></SPAN> =3B</P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Tel: +44 1803524117</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Andrew</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DEC_MsoNormal><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt=3B COLOR: #444444=3B=
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> =3B</SPAN></P><BR>
<HR>
Beyond Hotmail =97 see what else you can do with Windows Live. <A href=3D"h=
ttp://clk.atdmt.com/UKM/go/134665375/direct/01/">Find out more.</A> <br /><=
hr />Beyond Hotmail =97 see what else you can do with Windows Live. <a href=
=3D'http://clk.atdmt.com/UKM/go/134665375/direct/01/' target=3D'_new'>Find =
out more.</a></body>
</html>=
--_c53eb672-3406-4405-a13e-490d7999fee8_--
======== Welcome All Anatomists! ==========
About this IAWA Discussion Group, subscribing, unsubscribing, and archives:
http://www.cof.orst.edu/org/IAWA
About the IAWA and/or the IAWA Journal:
http://www.kuleuven.ac.be/bio/sys/iawa
The International Association of Wood Anatomists
Previous Article (by Date): [IAWA Forum] Density Flow A Circulation Theory for Fluid Transport In Trees Andrew K Fletcher
Articles sorted by: [Date]
[Author]
[Subject]