RE: [IAWA Forum] Fluid density altered by evaporation at the leaf?

From: "Andrew K Fletcher" <Gravity@blueyonder.co.uk>
Subject: RE: [IAWA Forum] Fluid density altered by evaporation at the leaf?
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2006 21:20:10 +0100
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Hi Frank=20

=20

The location of tracheids and pits is interesting and believe you are =
quite correct about their roll in reversing cavitations. Perhaps the =
movement of the denser sugars and minerals towards the roots has a =
dragging effect on water in the xylem pulling on the diluter xylem sap =
drawing it through into the pits and refilling the embolism?=20

=20

Hi Andrew,

I assume that the living parenchyma cells, all along the xylem pathway, =
absorb and exude substances from xylem vessels and into the xylem =
vessels (or tracheids).  I have long puzzled as to why living parenchyma =
cells always occur near vessels, and I assume one reason is for that =
absorbtion/exudation function, with other functions including wound and =
pathogen responses.  In some cases they may also have a role in =
reversing xylem embolisms.

Frank E.

=20

=20

Simcha

=20

What would the influence be? Could you please elaborate.

=20

I think that the phloem should have a great influence on this balance.
Simcha Lev-Yadun

=20

Steven

=20

I knocked on your door at Kew, once while in London with my wife, only =
to find you had gone out for the day.

=20

Hope this is what you suggested in terms of a summary.

=20

Hi Andrew,=20

This is an interesting question, but I'm afraid I'm not enough into=20
physiology to give you a correct answer, if we do know this at all. I=20
just wanted to let you know that it might be a good idea to forward=20
a summary of the replies (or the correct answer) you get to the=20
IAWA forum so that other people will hear what has been=20
suggested.=20

Cheers,
Steven

=20

=20

Richard

=20

I think Strasburger's brilliant experiment submerging the base of a =
large living tree in either a bath of picric acid or copper sulphate =
solution demonstrated perfectly that we are dealing with an inanimate =
structure in relation to the circulation of sap, ruling out any living =
processes involved when he killed off every living cell and still =
observed circulation. The uptake of the solution and the loss of water =
from the dead leaves was observed to continue for several weeks =
following the death of the tree.

=20

Explaining that it is possible to evaporate 99% of water without =
concentrating the sap that the water is evaporated from might be a =
difficult task. If this were possible, then 1 gram of sugar or salt in a =
beaker of water when fully evaporated should not produce 1 gram of sugar =
or salt.

=20

I agree with you that the resulting concentrations inside the leaves and =
stems would be prone to moving basipetally, but not entirely as movement =
along horizontal branches is also observed adding to confusion from a =
proximity density inspection. Nevertheless, given the harvesting of tree =
saps from the phloem it would suggest that concentrations are taking =
place and that the denser sugar laden sap maybe on the move as a =
possible result of increasing density, perhaps even explaining how =
toxins are moved to a damaged leaf in order to ward off harmful insects =
and animals within some species.

=20

Andrew

=20

----- Original Message -----=20

From: <richard.jagels@maine.edu>

To: "Andrew K Fletcher" <Gravity@blueyonder.co.uk>

Sent: Tuesday, April 04, 2006 3:24 PM

Subject: Re: [IAWA Forum] Fluid density altered by evaporation at the =
leaf?

=20

=D8      You are correct in so far as viewing the system in an inanimate =
way. =20
> But in trees, as living systems, the minerals and sugars are essential =

> building blocks incorporated into expanding new cells in cambium=20
> (transported basipetally after active transport into phloem) and leaf=20
> and shoot tissue.  Any sugars that are excess at a particular time are =

> converted into insoluble starches or oils, thus removing them from the =

> transpiration stream.  Also a considerable amount of soil absorbed=20
> minerals are used as precursors for compounds synthesized at the=20
> sapwood/heartwood boundary and become "extractives" that provide=20
> heartwood resistance to biodeterioration. So, unlike an inanimate=20
> system there is no accumulation at the terminal end of the system -- =
it=20
> is all made use of along the way.
>=20
> Richard Jagels



=20

=20

=20

=20

Robert.

=20

I agree with you say about the circulation system being similar. We do =
know that sugar is produced inside the leaf, and it moves from the leaf =
to a sink, be it a fruit, or to the main body of the tree. At the root, =
there will be an inevitable diluting effect on the sap inside the root =
as the less dense soil water is drawn into the circulation, but this =
does not negate the fact that concentrations may have occurred within =
the leaves as a result of the massive loss of water in the transpiration =
process. Maybe the loss of water at the leaf is not just an un-avoidable =
loss serving little purpose?

=20

Andrew,



What you suggest makes sense and seems logical.  However, the leaf is =
the tip of a large circulation system, rather like our finest blood =
vessels.  The leaf manufactures sugar, which circulates downward in the =
phloem system.  As that happens, would not the concentrated materials =
also move downward?  Of course, the result of all this is that the tree =
concentrates materials within itself.



On the other hand, perhaps the roots allow only "pure" water to enter =
the system, so the concentration phenomena we are considering may not in =
fact take place.



Interesting things to think about!   The answer need not be obvious to =
us.



Robert W. Meyer,

SUNY-ESF

Syracuse

 
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<HTML><HEAD>
<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
charset=3Diso-8859-1">
<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.2900.2802" name=3DGENERATOR>
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<BODY bgColor=3D#ffffff>
<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=3DEN-US=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Hi=20
Frank <?xml:namespace prefix =3D o ns =3D =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"=20
/><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=3DEN-US=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=3DEN-US=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The=20
location of tracheids and pits is interesting and believe you are quite =
correct=20
about their roll in reversing cavitations. Perhaps the movement of the =
denser=20
sugars and minerals towards the roots has a dragging effect on water in =
the=20
xylem pulling on the diluter xylem sap drawing it through into the pits =
and=20
refilling the embolism? <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=3DEN-US=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=3DEN-US=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Hi=20
Andrew,</SPAN><SPAN lang=3DEN-US=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=3DEN-US=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
mso-ansi-language: EN-US">I=20
assume that the living parenchyma cells, all along the xylem pathway, =
absorb and=20
exude substances from xylem vessels and into the xylem vessels (or =
tracheids).=20
&nbsp;I have long puzzled as to why living parenchyma cells always occur =
near=20
vessels, and I assume one reason is for that absorbtion/exudation =
function, with=20
other functions including wound and pathogen responses.&nbsp; In some =
cases they=20
may also have a role in reversing xylem embolisms.</SPAN><SPAN =
lang=3DEN-US=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=3DEN-US=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Frank=20
E.</SPAN><SPAN lang=3DEN-US=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Simcha</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>What would the influence be? Could you please =
elaborate.</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>I think that the phloem should have a great influence on this=20
balance.<BR>Simcha Lev-Yadun</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Steven</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>I knocked on your door at Kew, once while in London with my =
wife, only to=20
find you had gone out for the day.</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Hope this is what you suggested in terms of a =
summary.</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Hi Andrew, <BR><BR>This is an interesting question, but I'm =
afraid I'm=20
not enough into <BR>physiology to give you a correct answer, if we do =
know this=20
at all. I <BR>just wanted to let you know that it might be a good idea =
to=20
forward <BR>a summary of the replies (or the correct answer) you get to =
the=20
<BR>IAWA forum so that other people will hear what has been =
<BR>suggested.=20
<BR><BR>Cheers,<BR>Steven</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Richard</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">I think Strasburger=92s brilliant experiment =
submerging the=20
base of a large living tree in either a bath of picric acid or copper =
sulphate=20
solution demonstrated perfectly that we are dealing with an inanimate =
structure=20
in relation to the circulation of sap, ruling out any living processes =
involved=20
when he killed off every living cell and still observed circulation. =
<SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: #003300">The uptake of the solution and the loss of =
water from the=20
dead leaves was observed to continue for several weeks following the =
death of=20
the tree.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Explaining that it is possible to evaporate 99% of water =
without=20
concentrating the sap that the water is evaporated from might be a =
difficult=20
task. If this were possible, then 1 gram of sugar or salt in a beaker of =

water&nbsp;when fully evaporated should not produce 1 gram of sugar or=20
salt.</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>I agree with you that the resulting concentrations inside the =
leaves and=20
stems would be prone to moving basipetally, but not entirely as movement =
along=20
horizontal branches is also observed adding to confusion from a =
proximity=20
density inspection. Nevertheless, given the harvesting of tree saps from =
the=20
phloem it would suggest that concentrations are taking place and that =
the denser=20
sugar laden sap maybe on the move as a possible result of increasing =
density,=20
perhaps even explaining how toxins are moved to a damaged leaf in order =
to ward=20
off harmful insects and animals within some species.</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Andrew</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>----- Original Message ----- </FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>From: &lt;</FONT><A =
href=3D"mailto:richard.jagels@maine.edu"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman" =
size=3D3>richard.jagels@maine.edu</FONT></A><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D3>&gt;</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>To: "Andrew K Fletcher" &lt;</FONT><A=20
href=3D"mailto:Gravity@blueyonder.co.uk"><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Gravity@blueyonder.co.uk</FONT></A><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman"=20
size=3D3>&gt;</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Sent: Tuesday, April 04, 2006 3:24 PM</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Subject: Re: [IAWA Forum] Fluid density altered by evaporation =
at the=20
leaf?</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman"><FONT =
size=3D3>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal=20
style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 =
level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings"><FONT size=3D3>=D8</FONT><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D3>You are correct in =
so far as=20
viewing the system in an inanimate way.&nbsp; <BR>&gt; But in trees, as =
living=20
systems, the minerals and sugars are essential <BR>&gt; building blocks=20
incorporated into expanding new cells in cambium <BR>&gt; (transported=20
basipetally after active transport into phloem) and leaf <BR>&gt; and =
shoot=20
tissue.&nbsp; Any sugars that are excess at a particular time are =
<BR>&gt;=20
converted into insoluble starches or oils, thus removing them from the =
<BR>&gt;=20
transpiration stream.&nbsp; Also a considerable amount of soil absorbed =
<BR>&gt;=20
minerals are used as precursors for compounds synthesized at the =
<BR>&gt;=20
sapwood/heartwood boundary and become "extractives" that provide =
<BR>&gt;=20
heartwood resistance to biodeterioration. So, unlike an inanimate =
<BR>&gt;=20
system there is no accumulation at the terminal end of the system -- it =
<BR>&gt;=20
is all made use of along the way.<BR>&gt; <BR>&gt; Richard Jagels<BR=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: line-break"><BR=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: line-break"></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>Robert.</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=3D"Times =
New Roman"=20
size=3D3>I agree with you say about the circulation system being =
similar. We do=20
know that sugar is produced inside the leaf, and it moves from the leaf =
to a=20
sink, be it a fruit, or to the main body of the tree. At the root, there =
will be=20
an inevitable diluting effect on the sap inside the root as the less =
dense soil=20
water is drawn into the circulation, but this does not negate the fact =
that=20
concentrations may have occurred within the leaves as a result of the =
massive=20
loss of water in the transpiration process. Maybe the loss of water at =
the leaf=20
is not just an un-avoidable loss serving little purpose?</FONT></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: =
Arial">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: =
Arial">Andrew,</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">What you =
suggest makes=20
sense and seems logical.&nbsp; However, the leaf is the tip of a large=20
circulation system, rather like our finest blood vessels.&nbsp; The leaf =

manufactures sugar, which circulates downward in the phloem =
system.&nbsp; As=20
that happens, would not the concentrated materials also move =
downward?&nbsp; Of=20
course, the result of all this is that the tree concentrates materials =
within=20
itself.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">On the other =
hand,=20
perhaps the roots allow only "pure" water to enter the system, so the=20
concentration phenomena we are considering may not in fact take=20
place.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Interesting =
things to=20
think about!&nbsp;&nbsp; The answer&nbsp;need not be obvious to =
us.</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Robert W.=20
Meyer,</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: =
Arial">SUNY-ESF</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: =
Arial">Syracuse</SPAN></P><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; =
mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; =
mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: =
AR-SA">&nbsp;</SPAN></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>

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